Preparing for a three-week trip to the western Brooks Range motivated me to learn about bear deterrence. Specifically, I wanted to make an informed decision whether to bring my 5 pound pistol. I carry half a toothbrush to cut weight, 5 pounds is a big penalty.
I crowdsourced information via a FaceBook thread and checked in with Mark Haldane, a longtime REI employee and one of my recreation mentors since high school. The major windfall came with Annie Feidt invited me to join Professor of Wildlife Sciences Tom Smith (BYU) on the Talk of Alaska radio program. I learned a ton from Tom; these notes are mostly his contribution to the radio program. Tom’s advice is outlined in this article and Alaska Department of Fish and Game provides useful resources as well.
I typically see 10 to 20 bears a summer and have only had one scary interaction, which was not that scary compared to what several friends have experienced. Someone once told me that bears are like people, some of them are just jerks. I made the mistake of looking for patterns of behavior, which is the wrong approach with bears. My one scary interaction was in the Gates of the Arctic with Sarah. The ten previous bears we had seen all took off as soon as they heard us, so we calmly watched a grizzly for awhile before deciding to shoo him off. When we made noise the bear circled in closer to us, very curious and not at all intimidated. Finally, when it got downwind from us, it took off. Lesson learned, don’t predict behavior.
I’m more uncomfortable around black bears than grizzly, because black bears seem less intimidated by people. Predatory black bears are the most terrifying, and were responsible for two fatalities in Alaska in 2017.
Awareness
Tom used many ways to say the same thing: don’t surprise bears. The common factor in nearly all bear maulings is that people were not prepared for the bear encounter. According to Tom, preparation means:
- Carry bear deterrent. For Tom, this is a decision between firearm, bear spray, or both.
- Travel in a group. Groups make more noise and are more effective at standing ground. I grew up hearing that groups of four or more were ideal, but Tom said, statistically, even groups of two have a safe record.
- Don’t surprise bears. Make noise with voices, whistles, bells, etc.
Tom also noted the importance of getting away from kill sites (carcasses) and bear cubs. Tom’s opinion, in opposition to some bear safety literature, is that you should not hold your ground, but should move away from any bear encounters.
Bear Spray vs. Firearms
Tom’s research involved compiling a national accident database. By the numbers, bear spray is significantly more effective than firearms as a deterrent. This counter-intuitive finding can be explained by these factors:
- People carrying firearms are more likely to be quietly stalking other animals (hunting) and inadvertently surprise bears. People carrying bear spray are generally making noise and actively trying to avoid interactions.
- Bear spray ejects as a cone, requiring less aim than a bullet.
Bear spray
Bear spray was 98% effective in 72 incidents reported between 1985 and 2006. In that period, 175 people were involved, with 0 fatalities and only 3 serious injuries. Reference: Efficacy of Bear Deterrent Spray in Alaska
Bear spray is an aerosol propellant mixed with a pepper compound (capsaicin). The pepper irritates eyes and other membranes. The bear spray canister has a safety clip, but accidental emissions are fairly common. If you tend to have bad luck in life, it might be worth carrying a decontaminate wipe. Fortunately, bears haven’t discovered these yet. The wipe would also be really nice to have if you needed to spray toward a group member under attack (which would be much riskier with a firearm). I don’t think this is very common.
Accidental exposure to bear spray is not lethal, and if a group member was being charged by a bear, it would still be worth spraying the bear even if it would expose the human.
Bear spray is the best solution for the general public. Unlike firearms, bear spray does not require any expertise or technical training. That said, you should practice getting the canister in hand and removing the safety clip.
I’ve emptied several canisters at the end of trips (when it is prohibited to fly back with the spray) and I have always been discouraged by the limited range of the spray. The manufacturers say 20 feet; I feel like I need a tailwind to get 10. I’m leery of Tom’s confidence at the 20 foot range.
Handling: It is critical to carry bear spray in a place that it can be accessed quickly. This should include having it in-hand for bear-dense areas (like along thickly vegetated stream banks at dawn and dusk). Each person in the group should carry bear spray. Begin spraying at the bear when it is 20 feet away, and continue to spray until the bear turns away.
Expiration: The pepper compound in bear spray does not deteriorate or leak out of the canister. The propellent does leak out, at a rate of ~2%/year. This means that a 10 year old canister will be down by 20%, or, equivalently, shoot 4 seconds instead of 5.
Wind: A common criticism of bear spray is that spraying against the wind reduces range and can blind the human parties. Tom disregarded this concern. He says that much of the spray comes out in a narrow bead that can punch through wind. Based on my trials, I’m skeptical.
Frozen canisters: Freezing temperatures do not permanently affect the pepper or propellant. If fired while frozen, the spray exits as a stream instead of a cone, with reduced pressure. However, this has been effective against polar bears.
Firearms
Firearms were effective 76% (long guns) and 84% (pistols) in incidents between 1883 and 2009. In those incidents, 444 people were involved, with 17 fatalities, 25 serious injuries, and many minor injuries. Note that the numbers in Tom’s interview are slightly different from these (published) values. I assume the discrepancy is due to more recent incidents added to Tom’s records. Reference: Efficacy of Firearms for Bear Deterrence in Alaska.
The critical factor with any firearm is being trained for proper use with that firearm. Even so, firearms introduce more risk to the traveling party than bear spray. A friend from the Wilderness Classic died from a hunting accident. People don’t die from bear spray exposure. This is especially relevant for people (like me) that don’t regularly train with firearms.
Pistols vs. barreled guns: I was shocked to learn that pistols have a better record for deterrence (84%) than shotguns and rifles (76%). Barreled guns generally take more time to get in hand and aimed, they are generally shot from greater distances (harder to aim), and can take more time to get multiple shots off. Pistols are generally carried in hip or chest holsters, quick to draw, and at close range, aim isn’t as important. Tom said something like, “It is hard to miss a bear with a pistol if it is right on top of you.”
Caliber: .357 and .44 Magnum revolvers are the go-to pistols. Many people in the FaceBook thread preferred lighter 10 mm pistols. 10 mm bullets are midway in diameter between .357 and .44, the difference is that revolvers have a heavy steel frame, whereas a 9 or 10 mm pistol has a lighter polymer frame. I haven’t used the lighter pistols, but it sounds like… lighter is easier to aim. I appreciate the extra mass of my revolver, it dampens the kickback, which makes it easier to get several shots on target. Tom says larger calibers are better for people with worse aim, but other enthusiasts say a smaller bullet on target is better than a larger bullet off target. So. Back to the importance of practice.
Other Deterrents
Tom’s opinion is that we know bear spray works (“98% effective”), why bother with anything else? Here are the “anything else” options.
Flares
There are three kinds of flares relevant to this discussion: handheld marine and aerial, pistol and pen. Many experienced backcountry users, guides, and officials swear by flares. However, people like Tom and Parks Canada still encourage bear spray over flares.
Aerial flare: Pistol flares are common with many backcountry enthusiasts; we were required to carry them (and rifles) for polar bears when I was studying in Svalbard. A group of friends were camping when a polar bear sliced into a tent. The occupants woke and yelled, scaring the bear aware from the tent, but it stopped 20 yards away. Øla shot a flare that landed right in front of the bear and scared the bear away for good. (One of) the terrifying aspects of using the aerial flare, especially in winter, is that the flare can overshoot or bounce on snow and ice past the bear, scaring the bear toward you.
Another aerial option is a pen flare or “banger” (noisemaker). These flares are lightweight, can be carried in a pocket, but have a proportionally reduced payload. Like the flare cartridges, there is a serious risk of overshooting a bear, and it is recommended to shoot these flares or bangers straight up.
Handheld marine: Handheld flares burn for 60 seconds at 15,000 candlepower and 2,000 °F. For quick deployment you want the style that can be ignited with a pull cord, not a strike plate. I love the idea of the 60 second burn time compared to bear spray’s 5 seconds, but Tom would say, “Then what?” You can watch the marine flare in action here.
All flares have the potential to start wildfires.
Fences
In Svalbard we used a perimeter fence line threaded through pen flares at the corner stakes so that a tripped wire would fire a flare or banger. I haven’t found a similar kit in the US, but it sure felt like a slick solution.
Electric fences are available in the US, but are generally too heavy for me as a backpacker. The lightest option is Australian-made Sureguard. The Sureguard energizer runs on 2 AA batteries can run for as long as 54 hours with lithium batteries. The energizer weighs 11 oz, and you need to carry an appropriate length of electric poly tape or conducting string/wire, and maybe some support brackets to surround your camp. For a backpacking kit, it sounds like this can be done at ~2.5 lbs with a cost of ~$300. Eagle Safety Solutions is the best source in Alaska, but their website isn’t very helpful. They do sell the energizer.
Air Horns
Everyone agrees that noisemakers help alert bears to your presence. Bear bells don’t have a great reputation because they are fairy quiet. Friends have said that a whistle scared a bear when other noisemakers did not. Compressed air marine horns are loud, but heavy and finite. Hand-pump air horns are loud and light– I have used one (like this) near several bears, but the bears never seemed disturbed.
These various noisemakers can provide peace of mind, but are certainly not as effective as bear spray. I’ve usually got a whistle because I’m used to carrying one for water sports, and nearly all of my summer trips involve some floating. I am unlikely to carry any other noisemakers.
Conclusion
While traveling through bear country, the safest practice is to move as a group and make noise. Bear spray has a very impressive record, and is probably sufficient for most trips. But bear professionals like Tom are going to be carrying a gun as well. You only get one chance with bear spray, and then what? The scariest scenario is a predatory black bear. Bear spray was effective on all aggressive black bears in Tom’s research, but still, if you are out of spray and that bear comes back, you are in trouble. My decision will be most influenced by group size. With 3 or more people, we will just carry bear spray unless we are going to an area with a very beary reputation. For bear-dense regions, I’ll likely carry my heavy pistol.
I’ve felt lucky to see the bears that I’ve seen, and I expect to continue feeling that way.
Air horns now use compressed air canisters. They are light so you can bring several. They are deafeningly loud. The short bell model emits a piercing deafening scream. The long tube is lower pitch. Lower pitch carries further so it alerts the bear of your presence sooner. The very last thing you want to do is surprise the bear. Preventing an encounter is by far the best strategy. An ounce of prevention and so forth. A pistol mainly protects your ego, not your life.
Nice post, thanks. Tom’s response on the radio show to the possibility of forest fires from flares didn’t really sit well with me. With so much of the state being dry now in the summer (or even drought), starting a fire is a real concern. You may scare away the bear. But escaping a forest fire is not an easy task. I don’t think this would be a significant issue in the mountains. It’s a chance concern, but I think something worth thinking about.
The study on firearms seems problematic as well if the average firearm user is hunting. If I head out and I am practicing proper bear safety protocol when backpacking that is going to be a lot different than if I went out moose hunting. I would assume most of the long gun users were out hunting and there were only 37 pistol users. The more I look into this, the more questions I come up with, rather than answers.
There’s been a few times where I’m completely terrified out there and bear spray provides no comfort. 3-5 extra lbs isn’t going to kill me, it’ll just be an excuse to work out some more. But I agree with your conclusion that it’s subjective, depending on group size and personal comfort. I think going forward I’ll be carrying both spray and a firearm.
I’m on the same page. We shot a pen flare last year to gauge the bear’s interest and afterword I realized how dry the tundra was and was nervous that I had just made a big mistake. But no problem (and the bear took off).
Yeah, the subset of “bear spray people” (like us) but carrying firearms… that would be a useful statistic.
Josh carried my pistol for all of this summer’s trip, so the weight really wasn’t an issue 😉
Great summary of the ToA episode, Luc, thanks for posting!
Regarding your experience with the trip-wire flare fencing on Svalbard, was there any concern with the tripped flare scaring the bear toward camp, since it’s presumably moving in that direction at the time of the trip?
Your allusion to this happening with an overshot flare put some pretty macabre-funny images into my head, btw.
Hmm, good question about the polar bear fence. I think the idea was that the flare/banger would be so close to the bear that it would spook it away. Even the flares shot with a big bang, so… scary?
Hi Luc thanks for posting, I read an artical a few years back stating that if you spray a bear they will learn to stay away from people. , If it is a mother, she will teach her young to stay away from humans and they will pass on this info to their young. If you shoot the bear your safe and the bear is dead. A second point that bear spray once put into the environment has an alluring smell to a bear and people should definitely move far away from the area of the charge. I am interested in your thoughts on these points.
Thanks , Todd
Hi Todd- Certainly makes sense to move away from an area that has been sprayed. From my photo of the chewed bear spray above (found in the Gates of the Arctic) it is pretty evident that they don’t mind a little pepper. I can’t speak to the biology of passing on the experience of having been sprayed, or being leery of humans, but I hope that is the case!
Bears are indeed attracted to bear spray that has coated vegetation after being discharged. When I worked on Admiralty Island, I watched them roll in bear spray after following their nose to investigate it. I know someone who had to shoot a charging sow on the Kenai. The charge happened because an air horn surprised her at over 100 yards and she still felt it was a threat. I’m just warning folks that noise makers alone aren’t always enough although lots of people use them on the Chilkoot.
I agree. Noisemakers for making noise, but bear spray for actual deterrence.
Another grand slam…extremely helpful–you crushed it cuz!
Thanks Sean!
Good post. Thank you. We had a polar bear encounter last June on Ellesmere Island. The bear woke me up and was about 10 metres from our tent. We fired a banger from a banger/flare pistol from the tent and the bear took off at high speed but only for a short distance, and then stopped and turned to look back at us before casually walking off. The banger was very effective, thankfully. We each carried a bear spray and a banger pistol. No fire arms. On the previous year’s trip along the tree line northeast of Great Slave Lake, NT, we had a black bear encounter that was a bit nerve wracking. The bear approached our camp over the ice and just kept coming despite our noise making attempts. No bangers on this trip, only bear spray. The bear circled our camp for 15-20 minutes and then very casually moved on through the forest. I’ve never had a bear encounter like that black bear. Almost all of them have run away as soon as they heard or smelled us. But bears, like all animals, are unpredictable and deserve our utmost respect.
Check out Caroline van Hemert’s new book “The Sun is a Compass” for a very long and uncomfortable bear encounter like yours in the NT. The bear kept disappearing and reappearing, very unnerving.
I will. Thx. A friend had a similar experience with a polar bear and cub on Hudson Bay. Rubber slugs had little impact until the bear was very close. The next round was a real one. Thankfully, they didn’t have to use it but they did pack up and paddled on.
If it is difficult for you, imagine for me, thank you very much for this useful guide.
Ivan
You are welcome!
Thanks a lot friend, I hope to mach in the future.
Thanks for explaining the expiration dates on canisters! I’ve accumulated a bunch over the years and have wondered if they should be retired at some point. Looks like I’ll be getting new sprays every spring now!
I think there is real value in firing off old canisters now and then, or letting friends do that if they haven’t before.
One small note on your scary encounter + wind concerns: We’ve had a number of encounters where curious bears circled us, but fled when they ended up downwind. I’m pretty convinced this is a real pattern (though I appreciate your hesitance to look for patterns) and it’s pretty relevant. I now will help bears get downwind by circling slowly in the opposite direction as them. And also, I suspect bears will be hesitant to charge from upwind (curious if Tom agrees) so it seems feasible to use some maneuvering to make it more likely spray would reach the bear well before it reaches you.
Yes, I fully agree. Bears fleeing from the downwind position has been a consistent pattern for us. We try to move as upwind as possible, when possible. No reason not to.
Several friends prefer the strategy of not alerting the bear to your presence at all (when possible). We’ve done that a few times too.
Curious what others think of the ethics of us, as adventurers, inserting ourselves into areas of known high bear populations. Carrying a firearm (handguns aren’t an option for us in Canada thus relegating us to long guns) essentially means one is ready to kill a bear. I hunt for food, but have no desire to kill a bear unless I had to, so is putting myself in a position where I might have to kill a Grizzly, simply because I wanted to go have an adventure, well, is that an ecologicaly responcible action? Especially considering diminished habitat, increased human/bear conflicts in areas of high, or relatively high, use.
Re firearms, as Canadians hand guns aren’t an option thus relagating us to long gun use. I have carried a pistol grip pump 12 gauge, but it is far from light. So for fast and light back country adventures, our options are letting the bears know we’re there (proactive, of which I’m a huge proponent) and the bangers/spray combo.
Thanks for compiling the Intel and the chance to throw out our $.02. There aren’t many places on the net where one can have bear protection discussions without it deteriorating into a heated, emotions based melt down.
Hi Paul- This is a really good point, thanks for bringing it up. I think there is an argument for not going into high bear density and other areas like caribou calving grounds, bird nesting areas, etc. And I’m sure several native groups don’t want recreational tourists passing through sacred or otherwise important lands, even if we mean well and ‘leave no trace.’ I’ve heard this as part of a discussion of ‘sacred’ and a willingness to say, that area is ‘sacred,’ for cultural or ecological reasons, so it shouldn’t get visitors.
But… very much a personal, and contentious decision. I struggle with this in the context of the Arctic Refuge. Conservation groups side with the Gwich’in for their opposition to development, but I think the Gwich’in also don’t want people visiting the calving grounds (Coastal Plain). The people that want to visit are the same people that are supporting the conservation groups. I floated through ~3000 caribou when we passed through there, an experience of a lifetime. But, selfish. I probably shouldn’t have been there.
Thanks Luc! I am curious how you manage securing food drops on longer trips and if there are any strategies for dropping food that are least-likely to lead to a situation in which the bear finds and eats your food drop? Similarly, what do you use for food storage at camp and how might you store the food at a basecamp if you are going out on a day-long or overnight side trip?
More and more often I’m getting in the habit of vocalizing “the right thing to do is …” so that we have to acknowledge when we cut corners.
The right thing to do is use heavy containers intended to limit bear and other animal access to the food. In addition to the standard bear barrels, there are some modified half 50-gal drums welded for this purpose. You would need a second flight to pull that kind of container back out of the woods.
Cutting corners … you can use any container and hope for the best. You could build plywood boxes and then burn them. We did this last year … fire on a gravel bar, picked the screws out of the ashes and washed the ashes into the river. This worked well, but might have been challenging if it was pouring rain.
The right thing to do at camp is store the food ~150 feet away and hanging in a tree. You might conclude that you can’t afford to lose all of your food to an animal and do something different.
We’ve been fortunate on these trips and never had a bear in camp. I think this is mostly because we roll in late and move camp each day. Part of why I like this trip style is exactly for that reason—I’m less concerned about bears and potentially running out of food.
We generally do carry several Ursacks and expect that the bags will protect enough food to get out if we had other food that didn’t survive. We stashed a week’s worth of food in Ursacks last year and then a few miles away noticed a bear heading right toward camp. But the bags were undisturbed when we returned to the cache a week later.
So … no easy answers, surprise surprise.